Australia apologizes for child migrant programs

CANBERRA, Australia (AP) — Prime Minister Kevin Rudd apologized Monday to thousands of impoverished British children shipped to Australia in past centuries with the promise of a better life, only to suffer abuse and neglect thousands of miles from home.

At a ceremony in the Australian capital of Canberra attended by tearful former child migrants, Rudd apologized for his country's role in the migration and extended condolences to the 7,000 survivors of the program who still live in Australia.

"We are sorry," Rudd said. "Sorry that as children you were taken from your families and placed in institutions where so often you were abused. Sorry for the physical suffering, the emotional starvation and the cold absence of love, of tenderness, of care. Sorry for the tragedy — the absolute tragedy — of childhoods lost."

The apology comes one day after the British government said Prime Minister Gordon Brown would apologize for child migrant programs that sent as many as 150,000 poor British children as young as 3 to Australia, Canada and other former colonies over three and a half centuries.

The programs, which ended 40 years ago, were intended to provide the children with a new start — and the Empire with a supply of sturdy white workers. But many children ended up in institutions where they were physically and sexually abused, or were sent to work as farm laborers.

Rudd also apologized to the "forgotten Australians" — children who suffered in state care during the last century. According to a 2004 Australian Senate report, more than 500,000 children were placed in foster homes, orphanages and other institutions during the 20th century. Many were emotionally, physically and sexually abused in state care.

Some in the audience wept openly and held each other as Rudd shared painful stories of children he'd spoken with — children who were beaten with belt buckles and bamboo, who grew up in places they called "utterly loveless."

"Let us resolve this day that this national apology becomes a turning point in our nation's story," Rudd said. "A turning point for shattered lives, a turning point for governments at all levels and of every political hue and color to do all in our power to never allow this to happen again."

At that, the audience erupted into loud cheers and applause.

John Hennessey, 72, of Campbelltown, 40 miles southwest of Sydney, struggles to make himself understood through a stutter — a never-healing scar from a thrashing he received from an Australian orphanage headmaster 60 years ago.

Hennessey was only 6 when he was shipped from a British orphanage to an institute for boys in the country town of Bindoon in Western Australia state.

At 12, he was stripped naked and nearly beaten to death by the headmaster for eating grapes he had taken from a vineyard without permission because he was hungry.

"What terrified me most was that in my mind I thought: 'that's my father; what's he doing?' — I had nobody else and he was the one I'd looked up to," Hennessey said. "Before that I didn't have a stutter. I've sought medical advice since and they've said: 'John, you're going to take that to the grave with you.'"

The British government has estimated that a total of 150,000 British children may have been shipped abroad between 1618 — when a group was sent to the Virginia Colony — and 1967, most of them from the late 19th century onwards.

After 1920, most of the children went to Australia through programs run by the government, religious groups and children's charities.

A 2001 Australian report said that between 6,000 and 30,000 children from Britain and Malta, often taken from unmarried mothers or impoverished families, were sent alone to Australia as migrants during the 20th century. Many of the children were told that they were orphans, though most had either been abandoned or taken from their families by the state. Siblings were commonly split up once they arrived in Australia.

Authorities believed they were acting in the children's best interests, but the migration also was intended to stop them from being a burden on the British state while supplying the receiving countries with potential workers. A 1998 British parliamentary inquiry noted that "a further motive was racist: the importation of 'good white stock' was seen as a desirable policy objective in the developing British Colonies."

Australia had an immigration policy that favored British and white immigrants until the 1970s.

"We were used as white fodder," Hennessey said. "The Archbishop met us at Fremantle (in Western Australia) and I can still remember his words. He said, 'Welcome to Australia. We want white stock because we're terrified of the yellow peril.'"

British Children's Secretary Ed Balls said the child migrant policy was "a stain on our society."

"The apology is symbolically very important," he told Sky News television.

"I think it is important that we say to the children who are now adults and older people and to their offspring that this is something that we look back on in shame," he said.

Britain has been trying to make amends since the late 1990s by funding trips to reunite migrants with their families in Britain.

Brown's office said officials would consult with representatives of the surviving children before making a formal apology next year.

Official apologies for historical wrongs have proved controversial.

Former Australian Prime Minister John Howard initially resisted calls to apologize to institutionalized children and Australian Aborigines, arguing that contemporary Australians should not take responsibility for mistakes made by past generations.

Rudd reversed the policy after he was elected in 2007 and apologized to Aborigines for 200 years of injustice since European settlement.
Copyright 2009 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

Harvesting Season in Japan

Cabbage Harvesting Season on a farm in Yokohama, Japan, November 05, 2009

YOMIURI INTERNATIONAL FORUM 2009 / DPJ official: Party overdoing politician-led reform drive

The Daily Yomiuri

The Democratic Party of Japan has gone too far in implementing its much-touted policy of taking the policymaking initiative from bureaucrats, Goshi Hosono, chairman of the party's Organization Committee, said Monday.

At the Yomuiri International Forum held at a hotel in Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo, Hosono, 38, said division chiefs and bureau directors at government ministries are beginning to find themselves with nothing to do, as Cabinet ministers, senior vice ministers and parliamentary secretaries--the top three tiers of lawmakers serving at government ministries--take on what had previously been their work.

As a result, lawmakers stationed at government offices, especially senior vice ministers and parliamentary secretaries, are finding it difficult to cope with their hectic schedule, Hosono said.

"We need to consider whether the current relationship between lawmakers and bureaucrats is appropriate. From now on, I believe there should be cases in which bureaucrats provide several options regarding policies to lawmakers, and those lawmakers then exercise their leadership [in choosing between them]," Hosono said.

Hosono spoke at the forum meeting titled "A Changing World and Japan--Change of Government and the Future Direction of Politics." The other panelists were Kozo Watanabe, former supreme adviser of the party, Tokyo University Prof. Takashi Mikuriya and Steven Vogel, professor at University of California, Berkeley.

At the forum, Watanabe said the party should not stick too closely to the manifesto it drew up for the House of Representatives election in August.

After saying he thinks the manifesto is very significant, Watanabe added that there are times when the government should not obsess about sticking to its every detail, especially regarding foreign policy, such as the realignment of U.S. forces stationed in Okinawa Prefecture.

"If we break promises made to another country just because the administration has changed, the relationship with that country will be lost," Watanabe said.

"I don't think it's best to implement every single item of the manifesto. The priorities considered most important change when a party moves from opposition to government," he added.

Watanabe also noted that a manifesto can become out of date as public opinion changes.

Meanwhile, Mikuriya said the government needs to achieve results in key policy areas within 100 days of its inauguration.

Mikuriya said he sees similarity in the current Hatoyama administration and that of former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, which was ambitious about reform, but lasted only about a year after failing to see them through.

"If the government fails to draw up a fixed road map this year [on important issues], the support rate for the current administration will drop dramatically," he said.

Vogel expressed views similar to Mikuriya's.

"What the Japanese people called for in the general election was a drastic change of the political system," Vogel said. "For now, they are satisfied with change itself. However, that satisfaction may not last after the next House of Councillors election [in summer 2010]."

Vogel said the DPJ needs to achieve results especially with its economic policies and welfare, saying voters will not remain patient for long.
(Nov. 10, 2009)